Вестник Московского университета. Серия XXIII.
АНТРОПОЛОГИЯ
2009 г. №1.

Настоящим выпуском антропологи МГУ объявляют о появлении нового издания «Вестник Московского университета. Серия ХХIII. Антропология». Таким образом, в семье Вестников МГУ появляется еще один полноправный член, представляющий достижения антропологической науки. Конечно, научный журнал был у российских антропологов и ранее. С самого начала зарождения этой науки в России основатели отечественной антропологической школы позаботились о соответствующем органе, достойно представляющем ее основные достижения. С 1900 года это был «Русский антропологический журнал», затем – «Антропологиче¬ский журнал» (с 1932 г.), «Советская антропология» (с 1957 г.) и, наконец, с 1960 года на протяжении последних десятилетий «Вопросы антропологии». Все публикуемые в журналах материалы отличались высоким научным потенциалом, разнообразием поднимаемых в них вопросов, современными подходами в решении поставленных проблем.
Новый журнал, как мы надеемся, продолжит дело всех вышеупомянутых изданий и явится их достойным преемником. В журнале будут публиковаться статьи, посвященные различным аспектам биологической и исторической антропологии, методологии и методике антропологических исследований, найдут свое отражение проблемы смежных наук, тесно связанные с основной тематикой журнала. В каждом номере будут освещаться основные события в жизни отечественного и мирового антропологического сообщества, помещаться объявления о предстоящих конференциях, симпозиумах и семинарах, критические обзоры вновь вышедших книг и другая библиографическая информация.
Примечательно, что новый журнал выходит в свет в 2009 году. Это 130-летний юбилей Первой всероссийской антропологической выставки, положившей начало бурному развитию антропологии в России и заложившей фундамент будущего Антропологического музея в МГУ. В продолжение традиций мы надеемся, что 2009 год станет годом обновления Музея антропологии Московского университета, который откроется в Старом здании на Моховой после ремонта и реконструкции.
Нельзя не упомянуть и еще об одной эпохальной дате. 2009 год – это юбилейный год Чарльза Дарвина (200-летие со дня рождения, 150 лет со дня выхода в свет его основополагающего труда «Происхождение видов путем естественного отбора»). Этот юбилей широко отмечается во многих странах мира и, в первую очередь, на родине Дарвина в Великобритании. Отечественные антропологи создали блистательную школу эволюционной антропологии, основанную на теории Дарвина и освещающую различные аспекты антропогенеза. В наши дни, когда борьба против наследия Дарвина выходит за рамки научных споров и перемещается в школьные и университетские аудитории, мы должны с особой убежденностью заявить о нашей приверженности идеям Дарвина и о решимости противостоять всяческим попыткам дискредитации его учения.
В соответствие с традициями и современными задачами, стоящими перед нашей наукой, в первый номер журнала вошли статьи, посвященные истории антропологии, эволюционным аспектам антропологии, морфологическим и физиологическим вопросам, методике и методологии антропологических исследований и др.
Мы надеемся, что новый журнал будет с интересом встречен как нашими прежними подписчиками, так и более широкой читательской аудиторией, интересующейся проблемами исторической и биологической антропологии.

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Хроника российской и зарубежной антропологии

Рецензии

Efimova S.G. Dmitry N. Anuchin – «the gatherer of the Russian science» ( p. 5-16)

Biography of an outstanding scientist Dmitry Anuchin (1843-1923) is presented and his role as a founding father of the Chair, Institute and Museum of Anthropology at Moscow University is discussed.
Key words: Moscow University, Museum of Anthropology, history of science

Balakhonova E.I. African ethnography collections of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museum in the Anthropological Museum of MSU ( p. 17-26)

The history of the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museum’s ethnography collections and their African part are discussed in the article for the first time in the Russian scientific literature. In 1939 the Anthropological Museum of MSU received a large group of ethnographic collections from the Museum of Nations of the USSR, among which were 21 collections of items from Africa. The most interesting collections to be named are: the collections from individual gatherers: V.F. Mashkov, Y.I. Chabrov, Carlo Guarmani and money equivalents that were used in various regions of Africa at the end of XIX century. The Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museum opened in Moscow in 1862 and was based on the collections of count N.P. Ru¬myantsev, removed from St. Petersburg. The Museum of Nations of the USSR had got its name in 1930 after the renaming of the Central Museum of Ethnology. The latter was organized as a result of merging the Moscow Public and Rumyantsev Museum’s ethnography collections and materials of the 1923 All-Union Agricultural Exhibition.
Key words: anthropology museums, history, ethnography, african ethnographic collections

Buzhilova А. Palaeopathology in Russia: historical background ( p. 27-34)

Author presents the historical essay of development of palaeopathology in Russia. Especially there is discussed the first papers in palaeopathology of founding fathers of Russian physical anthropology – Karl von Baer and D.N. Anuchin. The founder of Russian Palaeopathological School – D.G. Rokhlin, made an important contribution to the new science.
Key words: history of science, palaeoanthropology, palaeopathology, D.N. Anuchin, D.G. Rokhlin

Perevozchikov E.V., Maurer A.M. Composite photoportraits: history, methods, results ( p. 35-44)

Proposed by F. Galton the method of creating composite photographic portraits for a long time did not adapt in practice for technical difficulties and vaguenesses with the interpretation of the obtained images. Beginning from the 60”s of past century, in the Institute of anthropology of Moscow State University the work on the creation of the generalized portraits of the peoples of North Eurasia began. In the process of works were carried out experiments, which made it possible to connect the technical process of creation (number of samples, the mechanism of the accumulation of separate images on the photosensitive layer and others) with the scientific estimation of the generalized image. The authors come to the conclusion that: the creation of the composite portraits objectively reflects the population morphological features of the face, and is a completely feasible task; portrait is not only the integral impression of a sample of individuals from the population, but also can serve as the tool of the knowledge of intragroup variability. For some anthropological studies these portraits are the only method of obtaining the generalized information on the morphological features of the sample. The prime advantage of the composite photoportrait is the circumstance that it visualizes the results of analysis inside and between-group morphological variability.
Key words: Galton, composit photoportrait, intragroup variability, face morphology

Goodkova L.К. On the role of physiological characters in constitution typology (population approach) ( p. 45-53)

With the help of discriminant analysis was made a comparison between somatotypes of individuals and their physiological and morphological characters. The result was that the morphological traits were better predictors of a somatotype, but the combined prediction by both sets of characters gave the highest percent of a somatotype status. The differences of discriminant analysis results depends on violations of physiological homeostasis of populations which are in extremal ecological conditions.
Key words: physiological status, constitution typology, population, ecological factors, discriminant analysis

Godina E.Z., Zadorozhnaya L.V., Khomyakova I.A., Purundzhan A.L. Intra- and intergroup differences in morphofunctional characteristics of young men in three ethnic groups under normal and experimental conditions ( p. 54-65)

Three populations were repeatedly investigated in Russia: Russians (investigated in Moscow), Tatars (investigated in the city of Naberezhnye Chelny), Adygs (investigated in the city of Maikop). These three populations have been chosen because they live in different geographical and climatic conditions, and also because of their different ethnicities and cultural traditions. In 2006/7 about 120 young males (20–30-year-olds) were observed in the three locations in summer and winter. The program of the investigation included: a) morphological evaluations (parameters related to growth and body compositions; body height, weight, body diameters, body circumferences, skinfold thickness, body surface area, BMI, Body fat %, Fat-free body mass, etc.); 2) physiological evaluations (parameters related to cold-exposure stress: cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD); BMR (evaluated indirectly, on the basis of anthropometric measurements), skin temperature, finger-tip accelerated pulse wave); 3) survey with questionnaires (parameters related with daily life activity and pattern; sleep-wake time-period, meal times, dietary contents, energy intake, physical activity level, outdoor activity duration, tobacco-smoking, alcohol intake, etc). Basing on summer and winter measurements, adaptation to cold stress under different environmental conditions has been studied in young males of the three ethnic groups (Russians, Tatars and Adygs). The results show the prevailing role of genetic (endogenous) factors in the formation of morpho-functional traits, in norm reaction to the extreme experimental conditions, in BMR values and basic cardiovascular characteristics.
Key words: adaptation, morpho-functional traits, cold stress, norm reaction, extreme conditions

Ovchinnikov I.V., Romanova G.P., Kharitonov V.M., Goodwin W. The Importance of the Mezmaiskaya Neanderthal DNA in Paleoanthropology and Genetics ( p. 66-72)

The discovery of the mtDNA from the Mezmaiskaya Neanderthal is the second successful analysis of the Neanderthal DNA in the world. It was done when the ancient DNA field of modern genetics, anthropology, and paleontology found itself in the face of crisis due to a set of faked DNA sequences from an Egyptian mummy, a Cretaceous dinosaur bone, and different insects, plants, and microorganisms in amber and salt crystals. The Mezmaiskaya Neanderthal DNA brilliantly confirmed the first Neanderthal mtDNA sequence from Feldhofer Cave and the absence of contribution of the Neanderthal mitochondrial genome to the modern mtDNA gene pool. The Mezmaiskaya DNA made it possible to estimate the age of the divergence of the mtDNA of the eastern and western Neanderthals, offered the first detailed insight into the evolutionary relationship between the Neanderthal and human mtDNA sequences and opened a gate into Neanderthal population genetics.
Key words: ancient DNA, mitochondrial DNA, Neanderthal, Mezmaiskaya cave

Short Communications

Yampolskaya Yu.A., Zubareva V.V., Khomyakova I.A. Physical development of 9-year-old Moscow schoolchildren at the beginning of the 21st century in the light of demographic situation in Russia ( p. 73-77)

The comparative analysis of increase and development (length and weight) of group of students of the same age, examined on of strictly identical program in 1996–1998 and 2005–2006 was carried out. The 9 aged students of Moscow schools were examined (274 boys, 243 girls). The estimation of physical development according to the scales of the regression of mass against the length made it possible to establish that in physical development of 9 aged Moscow students within the taken period the specific changes have occurred, these changes have sufficiently clear features of sexual dimorphism. The proportion of children with normal physical development decreased, besides, this decrease is real statistically and in principal it occurs due to tripling currency of overweight (р<0.05). Represented data do not let us speak about the real connection of changes in the physical development of children at the beginning ХХI of century with the positive demographic shifts.
Key words: physical development, students, estimation of physical development, demographic shifts, correlation coefficient

Shvedchikova T.Yu. To the question of dissemination of artificial cranial deformation among the ancient population in Aral region ( p. 78-84)

This article is dedicated to the discussion of practice of intentional artificial cranial deformation among the population of Eastern Aral region, which belongs to Dzhetyasar archaeological culture. On this territory of permanent contacts between population of Eurasian steppes and population of Central Asiatic oases, various types of cranial deformation could be found. Typology of deformation is considered. Chronological dynamics of frequencies of different variants of intentional head molding is discussed. On this basis the assumption regarding ethnogenetic patterns and migration processes in the region is formulated.
Key words: artificial cranial deformation, migration processes, Dzhetyasar archaeological culture

Chronicle of Russian and Foreign Anthropology

International Conference «Humans, Society and Culture» (L.K. Goodkova)
International Conference «Problems of Modern Human Morphology» (E. Godina, A. Yakimov)
International Conference «Adaptation as a Factor of Formation of Anthropological Identity of Ancient and Modern Population in Eurasia» (M.B. Mednikova)
Forthcoming congresses, conferences, symposia (2009)

Book Reviews

Napoleon Wolanski. Rozwoj biologiczny czlowieka. Podstawa auksologii, geronto¬logii i promocji zdrowia. (E. Godina)
«Anthropology of Komi People» Ed. by G. Aksyanova (E.V. Balanovskaya)

A.L. Purundzhan (1947–2009)